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Concept of Framing In Computer Network
Concept of Framing In Computer Network

June 14, 2022

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Introduction

Data transmission entails the synchronised transfer of bits from the source to the destination in the physical layer. This section will concentrate on two-way point-to-point data transfer. The data link layer receives network layer packets and then adds source and destination addresses. In the data link layer, they are transformed into frames. When the frame size grows too large, a packet is split into several little frames. These smaller-sized frames allow for more efficient error and flow control.

Framing in Computer Network

A framing connection is a two-way link between two devices that uses a cable to convey data in a stream of bits. Frames are used in computer networks to give and receive data. The data connection layer organises bits into frames that may be distinguished from one another. The data link layer encapsulates a packet with a header and a trailer to form a frame for transfer through local media. In telecommunications, a frame is defined as data that flows between network locations. A frame is typically a trailer field and a header field that frames the information and moves bit by bit serially. Only the data connection layer understands these frames.

The frame is made up of the following components:

  • Frame Header: It contains the source and destination addresses of the frame.
  • Payload Field: It includes the intended message.
  • Flag: It denotes the beginning and finish of the frame.
  • Trailer: It includes the bits for error detection and correction.

Types of Framing in Computer Network

There are two types of framing in the computer network.

  1. Fixed-size Framing: The size of the frame is constant with this sort of framing. Hence the frame length serves as a delimiter of the frame. This framing does not require additional boundary bits to identify the start and end of the frame. For example, if a device sends 200 bits of data and the frame size is fixed at 50 bits, the receiver will instantly know that the next 50 bits are of frame two, and so on.

The major drawback of this type of framing is that it goes through internal fragmentation when the data size is smaller than the frame size. The padding might help you prevent this problem.

  1. Variable size Framing: Because the size of each frame to be sent may change in this sort of framing, different devices are required to signal the end of one frame and the start of the next frame. For example, out of 200 bits of data, 100 bits may represent frame 1, 25 bits may constitute frame 2, and the remaining bits may include frame 3. The following two methods are used in variable size framing to determine the frame delimiters, i.e., the start and end of the frame.

Approaches to Framing in Computer Network

There are three primary types of framing approaches:

  1. Bit-Oriented Framing
  2. Byte-Oriented Framing
  3. Clock Based Framing

=> Bit-Oriented Framing

It considers the frames to be a collection of bits. In the higher layer, the data is delivered as a sequence of bits that may be interpreted as text and multimedia data.

=> Byte-Oriented Framing

It considers frames a collection of bytes (8 bits), often known as characters, and therefore the term Character Oriented Approach.

=> Clock Based Framing

This framing is mainly utilised in optical networks like SONET. A sequence of repeating pulses maintains a steady bit rate and keeps the digital bits aligned in the data stream.

Challenges in Framing

  1. For example, suppose the transmitting device delivers 100 bits of data, 50 of which are for frame one. All of the bits are received by the receiving device. How will the receiver know that the frame contains up to 50 bits?
  2. If you look closely, you will see another issue: the frame that was received contains a section that mimics the start and finish of the frame 1101101101101011011. As a result, the receiver will only regard these bits 1101101011011, i.e., the primary component will not be considered a part of the frame. This is referred to as a Framing Error.

Advantages of Framing in Data Link Layer

  • In the process of time-division multiplexing, frames are utilised continually.
  • It makes it easier for a sender to convey a collection of useful bits to a receiver.
  • Frames also include headers that contain information like error-checking codes.
  • Frame structures are used in frame relay, token ring, ethernet, and other data connection layer approach.
  • Frames allow data to be partitioned into several recoverable portions that can be examined for corruption.
  • It has a flow management system that regulates frame flow to prevent data congestion on slow receivers caused by rapid senders.
  • It provides dependable data transmission services between peer network levels.

Conclusion

This article explored computer network framing and the data connection layer. Framing is a point-to-point connection between two devices that uses a cable to convey data in a stream of bits.

When the frame size grows too large, a packet is split into several little frames. These smaller-sized frames allow for more efficient error and flow control.


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