The use of this site and the content contained therein is governed by the Terms of Use. When you use this site you acknowledge that you have read the Terms of Use and that you accept and will be bound by the terms hereof and such terms as may be modified from time to time.
All text, graphics, audio, design and other works on the site are the copyrighted works of nasscom unless otherwise indicated. All rights reserved.
Content on the site is for personal use only and may be downloaded provided the material is kept intact and there is no violation of the copyrights, trademarks, and other proprietary rights. Any alteration of the material or use of the material contained in the site for any other purpose is a violation of the copyright of nasscom and / or its affiliates or associates or of its third-party information providers. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, republished, uploaded, posted, transmitted or distributed in any way for non-personal use without obtaining the prior permission from nasscom.
The nasscom Members login is for the reference of only registered nasscom Member Companies.
nasscom reserves the right to modify the terms of use of any service without any liability. nasscom reserves the right to take all measures necessary to prevent access to any service or termination of service if the terms of use are not complied with or are contravened or there is any violation of copyright, trademark or other proprietary right.
From time to time nasscom may supplement these terms of use with additional terms pertaining to specific content (additional terms). Such additional terms are hereby incorporated by reference into these Terms of Use.
Disclaimer
The Company information provided on the nasscom web site is as per data collected by companies. nasscom is not liable on the authenticity of such data.
nasscom has exercised due diligence in checking the correctness and authenticity of the information contained in the site, but nasscom or any of its affiliates or associates or employees shall not be in any way responsible for any loss or damage that may arise to any person from any inadvertent error in the information contained in this site. The information from or through this site is provided "as is" and all warranties express or implied of any kind, regarding any matter pertaining to any service or channel, including without limitation the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and non-infringement are disclaimed. nasscom and its affiliates and associates shall not be liable, at any time, for any failure of performance, error, omission, interruption, deletion, defect, delay in operation or transmission, computer virus, communications line failure, theft or destruction or unauthorised access to, alteration of, or use of information contained on the site. No representations, warranties or guarantees whatsoever are made as to the accuracy, adequacy, reliability, completeness, suitability or applicability of the information to a particular situation.
nasscom or its affiliates or associates or its employees do not provide any judgments or warranty in respect of the authenticity or correctness of the content of other services or sites to which links are provided. A link to another service or site is not an endorsement of any products or services on such site or the site.
The content provided is for information purposes alone and does not substitute for specific advice whether investment, legal, taxation or otherwise. nasscom disclaims all liability for damages caused by use of content on the site.
All responsibility and liability for any damages caused by downloading of any data is disclaimed.
nasscom reserves the right to modify, suspend / cancel, or discontinue any or all sections, or service at any time without notice.
For any grievances under the Information Technology Act 2000, please get in touch with Grievance Officer, Mr. Anirban Mandal at data-query@nasscom.in.
Mostly, the organizations embracing blockchain deploy the architectures built on existing popular blockchain networks such as Ethereum or Bitcoin. However, traditional blockchains or monolithic blockchains are suffering from the issue of increased users. At the end of the day, there is a limit to the number of transactions.
A blockchain network is the main chain, and transactions that take place on it are called “on-chain.” However, transactions that do not take place on it are called “off-chain.” Additionally, relying completely on the “on-chain,” there is either the problem of decentralization or scalability. Commonly known as the scalability trilemma.
The sidechains, app chains, and layer 2 do similar work as that of the main network (Layer1), and, at the same time, it has low fees.
These different layers are called scaling solutions. The scaling solutions take away the stress from the main blockchain. In this blog, let’s uncover the basics of Layer2, sidechains, and app chains.
Public & Private Chain
The public chain is also known as the layer1 (L1) blockchain; everyone on the system can see the transactions. It supports decentralization and has peer-to-peer transactions. Although public blockchains are great for self-governance, the network has high energy consumption. This further fuels the high transaction costs.
The private chain is permissioned and has a network administrator. The private chain is mainly built for a specific application. Users can participate in the on-chain activities only if they get privacy. The users on the system are verified on a private blockchain. The speed on the private chain is better but isn’t widely suitable.
The Various Scalability Solutions
The blockchain trilemma moves around decentralization, security, and scalability. While controlling decentralization and security, the scalability of the network has to suffer. Mainly, the problem of scalability on public blockchain affects the transaction throughput and latency. Some of the scalability solutions are given below.
The three most popular scalability solutions we will understand in this blog are Layer 2, sidechains, and app chains.
Layer 2
Scalability is a significant struggle in the blockchain world. By solving the scalability issue, the networks can solve two problems — transaction speed and transaction throughput. Layer 1 is the main blockchain, for example, Ethereum. Layer 2 adopts the security of layer 1 — it is basically a nested blockchain. It uses the framework of the main blockchain, and the transactions occur on the interconnected network of secondary chains.
Working and Performance of Layer 2
Layer 2 (L2) is a separate blockchain that extends from mainnet and regularly communicates with L1. On the L1, it submits bundles of information. Therefore, the layer handles data availability, decentralization, and security. Layer 2 manages the scaling, handles the transactions, and shares finalized proofs with L1.
The two most popular examples of the Layer 2 are Ethereum Plasma and Bitcoin Lightning Network. Layer 2 is also called an off-chain scaling solution which further includes:
State channels: The channels allow P2P channels, and there can be an unlimited amount of transactions. However, the participants on state chains are fixed.
Rollups: The rollups are categorized into two types the optimistic rollups and the zero-knowledge proofs. The rollups execute the transactions off-chain and add them to the network later.
Plasma: The plasma is similar to the para chains on the Polkadot. One of the chains’ primary roles is to take transactions from L1 and reduce their burden.
The benefits of Layer 2
Lower fees: The transaction output is slow, and thus the demand on the main chain is less. Due to this, layer 2 has a low transaction fee. Thus, it is cost-effective.
Security of L1: Layer 2 shares the load on L1, which leads to better transaction throughput. Furthermore, there is an improvement in scalability.
Many Use Cases: Layer 2 is built on Layer 1, and therefore it is compatible with other systems. There is no need to modify the underlying protocol.
Functionality: The L2 blockchains can be used to add additional functionality, such as various privacy features and atomic swaps.
Side Chains
A side chain is a smaller version of the main net. The L2 requires an underlying protocol. However, the side chain is independent of the main chain and has its own security. A side chain consists of a public block explorer and coin backing up nodes. It allows new users to establish nodes in order to correspond with the main chain.
Side chains have their own consensus protocol. Sidechains are connected to L1 via a two-way bridge. For example, the Liquid Network One more is the Plasma network which is a part of the Ethereum Network.
Working & Performance of Sidechains
Depending on the application, the sidechain can be public or private. Usually, an individual or organization operates the nodes of the side chain and assists with its security. It is known as the two-way peg system, which enables communication with the L1.
The two-way peg is helpful as one can transfer assets between the main chain and the sidechain. The rules and regulations on sidechains are similar to that of L1 and the chains run parallel to the mainchain.
Benefits
Customization: Since the app chain is different from the main network, the side chain has its own set of unique rules and protocols. The app chains can be customized for different use cases.
Experimentation: There isn’t any need to disrupt the mainnet to test new ideas. Since sidechain activities do not affect the main chain, they can be used to test new features.
Security: The side chains can allow the off-chain execution of high-value transaction. By doing so, it helps lower the risk of main chain transactions being compromised. Diversification becomes effortless on the network as access to assets from other blockchains becomes easier.
App Chains
App Chains are the application-specific blockchain. The chain is built in a way that it supports applications that have a specific or, say, one use case. There are multiple layers of permissions, fee tokens, security, etc. One of the notable examples is Bitcoin Gold, which specifically works for digital gold. Additionally, Cosmos SDK is one such open-source framework that allows the sovereignty of the blockchain network. The app chains have mainly enterprise-based features.
Working & Performance of App Chains
The UX of app chains has improved substantially, the reason being low transaction costs. One more reason is that latency is low. The apps have tough competition among themselves. There may be one popular app that takes the space and sadly increases transaction costs. While sidechains and the L2 chains execute every kind of asset exchange and transaction.
The app chains consider the validators from the main blockchain. App chains support the deployment of dapps by having their own token for staking. Therefore, there is no competition with the main blockchain. For instance, Polygon is a sidechain. While Polygon edge is an app chain specifically designed for private networks.
Benefits
Futuristic: The app chains are purpose-built and are known to represent the future of blockchain because of the application-specific use cases.
Modular: The modification of app chains is hassle-free. There are some of the core modules which can be forked or can be expanded.
Ownership: Ownership on an app chain also improves as there are less number of users for a specific application.
Autonomy: The app chains provide autonomy as enterprises can opt between the PoS or PoA consensus. The governance is isolated from other use cases.
Final Thoughts
We understood in the blog that Layer 2 provides scalability — an extension of the existing blockchain. Sidechain is a completely separate blockchain linked to a main blockchain. While the app chain, the application-specific blockchain has a closed-off infrastructure. Therefore, it is suitable for a specific function only. Mainly all of these architectures solve the main issue of scalability. However, mainstream adoption will happen when the deployment happens as per the use cases.
Blockchain technology will revolutionize the way companies work by ruling out inefficiencies, intermediaries, and centralized information. There will be data security and privacy if the public and private organizations opt for blockchain infrastructure.
About The Author
Dr. Ravi Chamria is co-founder CEO of Zeeve Inc, an Enterprise Blockchain company. He has an experience of 18+ years in IT consulting spanning across Fintech, InsureTech, Supply Chain and eCommerce. He is an executive MBA from IIM, Lucknow and a prolific speaker on emerging technologies like Blockchain, IoT and AI/ML.
Passionate About: Blockchain, Supply Chain Management, Digital Lending, Digital Payments, AI/ML, IoT
That the contents of third-party articles/blogs published here on the website, and the interpretation of all information in the article/blogs such as data, maps, numbers, opinions etc. displayed in the article/blogs and views or the opinions expressed within the content are solely of the author's; and do not reflect the opinions and beliefs of NASSCOM or its affiliates in any manner. NASSCOM does not take any liability w.r.t. content in any manner and will not be liable in any manner whatsoever for any kind of liability arising out of any act, error or omission. The contents of third-party article/blogs published, are provided solely as convenience; and the presence of these articles/blogs should not, under any circumstances, be considered as an endorsement of the contents by NASSCOM in any manner; and if you chose to access these articles/blogs , you do so at your own risk.
Zeeve is an enterprise-grade Blockchain Infrastructure Automation Platform. Join the growing list of clients that trust us with their Blockchain initiatives
ICOs, or Initial Coin Offerings, have now emerged as one of the most popular fundraising mechanisms for blockchain and crypto-based projects. These allow ventures to raise funds for their businesses or projects by issuing and selling their tokens to…
The advent of Web3, the decentralized iteration of the internet built on blockchain technology, has ushered in a paradigm shift across various sectors. From finance to gaming, and now social networking, the principles of decentralization,…
Artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain are two of the most significant technological innovations of the last decade. The two, when combined, have the potential to transform several industries and open up new possibilities that were previously…
The Unbreakable Link between Supply Chain Performance, Customer Experience, and Business Success
SUPPLY CHAIN
In today’s ever-changing and fiercely competitive business landscape, enterprises must recognize the intricate relationship between…
In today’s digital world, identity management plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety and security of personal information. Proper identity management systems are pivotal for compliance with Data Protection and Digital Privacy (DPDP) laws, which…
In recent years, the world has witnessed a digital revolution that has transformed various industries, and one of the most intriguing developments to emerge from this revolution is the rise of non-fungible tokens (NFTs).
NFTs have gained…
